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环境诉讼藏的哪了/潘佳

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-06 16:48:13  浏览:8642   来源:法律资料网
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环境诉讼藏的哪了

潘佳
    从几件小事谈起。不久前在金瑞林老师的追悼会上,偶尔听到了吕忠梅老师,王树义老师身边朋友们的两句环境诉讼的讨论,于是想起了几年前吕忠梅代表在两会上的提议,建议公益诉讼的建立。据说,近几年的两会上收到的提案中总少不了环境公益诉讼的影子。环境公益诉讼的地方实践主体范围不断扩大,地方规定也有的将检察官纳入规范范畴。事实上,个人意义上的公益诉讼,环保部门提起的公益诉讼实践我们一直在期待。关于环境公益诉讼,建设性的批评不在少数。客观的评价,我们的相关制度和时间都有了进步,如果和日本,美国比较,但就环境诉讼的案例就少得可怜,更别说公益诉讼了—
一个美国朋友,从北大法宝搜索,看到近三年的环境诉讼的数量后惊叹道,你们的环境纠纷这么少。我直接转移话题向他求教美国的环境诉讼问题—
前两天,和自己的大学同学发短信,问问他们市那里去年有什么典型的环境诉讼案例。他的回答很淡定。有,只有一起,是我们市那里环保局长被打的案子—
数量问题出在哪了?如果你要归咎于环境诉讼的制度障碍,公益诉讼个体的制度障碍多有强词夺理之嫌。如果你要说是司法的功能障碍,接不接招,执不执行也不是他们说了算。你要找环保部门说理,他也很尴尬,于是乎就找着替罪羊了,体制(政府)。似乎一切环境资源问题,包括环境纠纷的解决都是体制惹的祸,都是部门利益,权力边界,责任承担的矛盾。接下来,千篇一律的改革措施相继根基,什么问题都需要综合协调部门来管,来承担。反正纳税人的钱随便用,资源随便调配。改来改去,汤还是汤,药还是药。在政府机构改革上,我们习惯于拿美国,日本乃至我们实力相当的巴西,俄罗斯说事。看看他们的机构有多么精简,中央及国家部门数量是多么少。别忘了,再往下数一数,不同层级的国家机关复杂程度不亚于我们。不过是第一步他们迈的小点,我们大点罢了。终究还是要精简机构的,对于经意发动全身的但各部门改革,取其不变之道,设综合协调来协调姑且算作短期的妥协罢了,能源法迟迟不出来就是这个原因。并非否定体制的效果,只是这个东西谈多了我们容易束缚住,为什么一个通知了三十年的计划模式主宰了这么多年,始终跳不出来,计划前就没问题了么。市场化革命的一切问题似乎都是前一个三十年的问题。如果毛主席活着的话他都不会承认吧。其实,我们都心知肚明,不过是法制运行的传统文化障碍。正如贺卫方老师所言,行政机关的作用没能分离精神教化,我们的所谓早已习惯于他们的熏染。文化障碍的讨论很多,大多归咎于制度外因素,人伦关系社群关系以及情理事理法理的能动运动。基于此,不少人拿出来办法对付传统文化的老毛病,什么新思想,新文化不绝于耳。官方听得也不少,他们真不知道么,是不屑于知道,也无所谓知道。从一定角度,迫于“体制”文化的惯性,寻求法外之道确实为一条良策。可问题终究是要落实在制度的,转化进体制的。抛开文化的视角,我们看看当前的环境纠纷的解决。
环境问题出了以后怎么办,没有中国人第一个说会起诉的。找政府成为首选,企业则次之,最后才是法院。检察院,人大就更不会有人过问了。如果自己切身利益受到直接损害尚且遵循如此逻辑,如果作为仅仅吸一口高碳空气,喝口高碳水的可以忍受的“旁观者来说,就凑合过吧,还能忍,或许会有人管的。我国联邦行为主义的权力架构,省政府的权力实则最大。省的一纸文件可以决定县区是法院系统的接案权,处理权,执行权。如果省级缺位,下级政府的角色会替代过来。再加上同级政府的压力,利益纽带的牢固,环保部门已经疲于应付,再加上法院的闭门不迎,当事人的要么根本不知道环境问题还能起诉,要么动力逐渐被强大的行政成本内化了。环境问题的特殊性,普遍性,经济发展的重要使命,使得地方政府害怕起诉,一旦问题普遍化就认为会导致群体性纠纷,在老百姓认为中央的合法性最高的基本假设下,唯一同上的路径被打压下去,想要社会民众心理平衡不造成新的纠纷是不可能的。观念的陈旧就很可的,中国人是长于私下解决纠纷的,善于私聊的,情理化的,什么问题都可以化,一旦正式化,规范化就“伤和气”,伤了双方和气,伤了上下级的和气。从中央到地方无不重视稳定,稳定压倒一切,于是,所有事件一旦牵涉人数过多就有伤稳定大雅,就不和谐,就得注意政治倾向。这种思维模式,把大多的合法利益宣泄直接堵住,结果是不稳定的利益表达,做贼心虚的心理不要仅仅埋怨政府,换做你我,谁都逃不了那个圈。多少满坏豪情的赤字进入政图不被中庸了,多少忠肝义胆进军学术圈不被攀比功利了,好比着急上班人多时你还希望自己上车,好不容易上来了因为又一个人拥挤你不想让他上来一样,角色心理束缚难以摆脱。渐进式的改革总是充满教科书式的教化色彩,卡看历史纪年表。每一次世界历史推进,哪一次中国的进步是渐进的,++无不充满了(此处略去20字)
环境问题的解决压力不光给了环保部门,更多的给了企业。企业社会责任在当代中国现实语境下的作秀色彩浓厚,如果拿内外成本收益,眼前与长远利益来说事,这样的秀,也是值得的。责任这个词在公有制环境下总到有感情色彩,似乎享受权利者就应该,责任和利润是成正比的,那么政府作为最大的利益群体和垄断组织,政府的环境社会责任和在?现如今,在中国谈政府的社会责任已经成为奢侈品。几十年前,有少数学者关注马基雅维利,弗兰西斯-培根,马克思韦伯的作品里都有谈到政府的社会责任。现如今我们习惯于政府的垄断和公务服务政府责任的侃侃而谈,在还弄不清政府的社会责任究竟是什么时,就大谈企业的环境社会责任,明星社会责任,富人的社会责任,就理论研究者关注度而论,些许有些遗憾---
政府是习惯玩文字游戏的,于是解释法律,宣传法律,倡导环境正义的重任往往抗在ngo,媒体,学者身上。政府也有偷着乐的时候,你们说你们的,反正我装糊涂,该怎办怎办,实在不行另行对策。发了一顿牢骚,我们回顾三十年的环境法制历程,反思中国环境诉讼的发展演变,成绩是显著的,体制内的东西需要内外合力一点点解决,想贺卫方老师的一句话,忍辱负重的死才可贵。作为我们每一个民众,应保持基本的理性,用合法的方式解决环境纠纷问题,体制的变革,观念的更新,随着政治生态新鲜活力不断注入只是时间问题。
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中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例(附英文)
国务院


(一九八0年十二月五日国务院常务会议通过)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强外汇管理,增加国家外汇收入,节约外汇支出,有利于促进国民经济的发展,并维护国家权益,特制定本条例。
一切外汇的收入和支出,各种外汇票证的发行和流通,以及外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出中华人民共和国国境,都应当遵守本条例的规定。
第二条 本条例所称外汇系指:
一、外国货币:包括钞票、铸币等;
二、外币有价证券:包括政府公债、国库券、公司债券、股票、息票等;
三、外币支付凭证:包括票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等;
四、其他外汇资金。
第三条 中华人民共和国对外汇实行由国家集中管理、统一经营的方针。
中华人民共和国管理外汇的机关为国家外汇管理总局及其分局。
中华人民共和国经营外汇业务的专业银行为中国银行。非经国家外汇管理总局批准,其他任何金融机构都不得经营外汇业务。
第四条 在中华人民共和国境内,除法律、法令和本条例另有规定者外,一切中外机构或者个人的外汇收入,都必须卖给中国银行,所需外汇由中国银行按照国家批准的计划或者有关规定卖给。
在中华人民共和国境内,禁止外币流通、使用、质押,禁止私自买卖外汇,禁止以任何形式进行套汇、逃汇。

第二章 对国家单位和集体经济组织的外汇管理
第五条 中国境内的机关、部队、团体、学校,国营企业、事业单位,城乡集体经济组织(以下统称境内机构)的外汇收入和支出,都实行计划管理。
国家允许境内机构按照规定持有留成外汇。
第六条 境内机构除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得私自保存外汇,不得将外汇存放境外,不得以外汇收入抵作外汇支出,不得借用、调用国家驻外机构以及设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位的外汇。
第七条 境内机构非经国务院批准,不得在国内外发行具有外汇价值的有价证券。
第八条 境内机构接受外国或者港澳等地区的银行、企业的贷款,必须分别由国务院主管部门或者省、市、自治区人民政府汇总,编制年度贷款计划,经国家外汇管理总局和外国投资管理委员会核报国务院批准。
贷款审批办法,另行规定。
第九条 境内机构的留成外汇,非贸易和补偿贸易项下先收后付的备付外汇,贷入的自由外汇,以及经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准持有的其他外汇,都必须在中国银行开立外汇存款帐户或者外汇额度帐户,按照规定的范围使用,并受中国银行监督。
第十条 境内机构进出口贷物,经办银行应当凭海关查验后的进出口许可证,或者凭进出口货物报关单,检查其外汇收支。
第十一条 国家驻外机构必须按照国家批准的计划使用外汇。
设在外国和港澳等地区的企业、事业单位从事经营所得的利润,除按照国家批准的计划可以留存当地营运者外,都必须按期调回,卖给中国银行。
一切驻外机构不得自行为境内机构保存外汇。
第十二条 临时派往外国和港澳等地区的代表团、工作组,必须分别按照各该专项计划使用外汇。公毕回国,必须将剩余的外汇及时调回,经核销后卖给中国银行。
前款代表团、工作组及其成员,从事各项业务活动所得外汇,必须及时调回;除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得存放境外。

第三章 对个人的外汇管理
第十三条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,由外国和港澳等地区汇入的外汇,除国家允许留存的部分外,必须卖给中国银行。
第十四条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,存放在中国境内的外汇,允许个人持有。
前款外汇,不得私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境;如需出售,必须卖给中国银行,同时允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十五条 居住在中国境内的中国人在中华人民共和国成立前、华侨在回国定居前、港澳同胞在回乡定居前,存放在外国或者港澳等地区的外汇,调回境内的,允许按照国家规定的比例留存部分外汇。
第十六条 派赴外国或者港澳等地区的工作人员、学习人员公毕返回,如汇入或者携入属于个人所有的外汇,允许全部留存。
第十七条 本条例第十三、十四、十五条规定的允许个人留存的外汇,其留存比例,另行规定。
本条例第十三、十四、十五、十六条规定的允许个人留存的外汇,必须存入中国银行。此项外汇存款,可以卖给中国银行,可以通过中国银行汇出境外,也可以凭中国银行证明携出境外;但是,不得将存款凭证私自携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第十八条 来中国的外国人,短期回国的华侨、回乡的港澳同胞,应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员、职工,以及外籍留学生、实习生等,由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇,可以自行保存,可以卖给或者存入中国银行,也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人,如需购买外汇汇出或者携出境外,可以向当地外汇管理分局申请,经批准后,由中国银行卖给。
应聘在中国境内机构工作的外籍专家、技术人员和职工,汇出或者携出外汇,由中国银行按照合同、协议的规定办理。

第四章 对外国驻华机构及其人员的外汇管理
第二十条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构、商务机构,驻华的国际组织机构和民间机构,外交官,领事官以及各该机构所属常驻人员,由外国或者港澳等地区汇入或者携入的外汇,可以自行保存,可以卖给或者存入中国银行,也可以汇出或者携出境外。
第二十一条 各国驻华外交代表机构、领事机构,收取中国公民以人民币交付的签证费、认证费,如要求兑成外汇,必须经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准。

第五章 对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业及其人员的外汇管理
第二十二条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的一切外汇收入,都必须存入中国银行;一切外汇支出,从其外汇存款帐户中支付。
前款企业必须定期向国家外汇管理总局或者分局填送外汇业务报表,国家外汇管理总局或者分局有权检查其外汇收支的活动情况。
第二十三条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业与中华人民共和国境内的企业或者个人之间的结算,除经国家外汇管理总局或者分局核准者外,都应当使用人民币。
第二十四条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业的外国合营者依法纳税后的纯利润和其他正当收益,可以向中国银行申请从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
前款企业、外国合营者,如将外汇资本转移到中国境外,应当向国家外汇管理总局或者分局申请,从企业的外汇存款帐户中汇出。
第二十五条 侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业中的外籍职工和港澳职工依法纳税后,汇出或者携出外汇,以不超过其本人工资等正当净收益的百分之五十为限。
第二十六条 依法停止营业的侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业,在中国境内的未了债务、税务事项,应当在有关主管部门和国家外汇管理总局或者分局的共同监督下,负责按期清理。

第六章 对外汇、贵金属和外汇票证等进出国境的管理
第二十七条 携带外汇、贵金属、贵金属制品进入中国国境,数量不受限制;但是,必须向入境地海关申报。
携带或者复带外汇出境,海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
携带或者复带贵金属、贵金属制品出境,海关区别情况按照国家规定或者按照原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十八条 携带人民币旅行支票、旅行信用证等人民币外汇票证,入境时,海关凭申报单放行;出境时,海关凭中国银行证明或者凭原入境时的申报单放行。
第二十九条 居住在中国境内的中国人,持有境外的债券、股票、房地契,以及同处理境外债权、遗产、房地产和其他外汇资产有关的各种证书、契约,非经国家外汇管理总局或者分局批准,不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。
第三十条 居住在中国境内的中国人、外国侨民和无国籍人所持有的人民币支票、汇票、存折、存单等人民币有价凭证,不得携带、托带或者邮寄出境。

第七章 附 则
第三十一条 对违反本条例规定者,任何单位、个人都有权检举揭发。对检举揭发有功的单位、个人,给予奖励。对违法案件,由国家外汇管理总局、分局,或者由公安部门、工商行政管理部门、海关,按其情节轻重,强制实行收兑外汇,单处或者并处罚款、没收财物,或者由司法机
关依法惩处。
第三十二条 经济特区、边境贸易和边民往来的外汇管理办法,由有关省、市、自治区人民政府根据本条例规定结合当地具体情况制订,报国务院批准后施行。
第三十三条 本条例的施行细则,由国家外汇管理总局制定。
第三十四条 本条例自一九八一年三月一日起施行。(附英文)


Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

INTERIM REGULATIONS ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE CONTROL OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Promulgated by the State Council on December 18, 1980)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These Regulations are formulated for the purpose of strengthening foreign
exchange control, increasing national foreign exchange income and
economizing on foreign exchange expenditure so as to facilitate the
development of national economy and safeguard the rights and interests of
the country.
All foreign exchange income and expenditure, the issuance and circulation
of all kinds of payment instruments in foreign currency, and the carrying
of foreign exchange, precious metals and payment instruments in foreign
currency into and out of the territory of the People's Republic of China
shall be governed by these Regulations.
Article 2
Foreign exchange mentioned in these Regulations refers to:
a. foreign currencies, including banknotes, coins, etc.
b. securities in foreign currency, including government bonds, treasury
bills, corporate bonds and debentures, stocks, and interest coupons, etc.
c. instruments payable in foreign currency, including bills, drafts,
cheques, bank deposit certificates, postal savings certificates, etc.
d. other foreign exchange funds.
Article 3
The People's Republic of China pursues the policy of centralized control
and unified management of foreign exchange by the State.
The administrative agency of the People's Republic of China in charge of
foreign exchange control is the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control (SAFEC) and its branch offices.
The specialized bank of the People's Republic of China engaged in foreign
exchange business is the Bank of China. No other financial institution
shall engage in foreign exchange business, unless approved by the SAFEC.
Article 4
All Chinese and foreign organizations or individuals within the territory
of the People's Republic of China must, unless otherwise stipulated by
law, decrees and these Regulations, sell their foreign exchange to the
Bank of China. Any foreign exchange they required is to be sold to them by
the Bank of China in accordance with the plans approved by the State or
with relevant provisions.
The circulation, use and mortgage of foreign currency, the unauthorized
sales and purchases of foreign exchange, and the unlawful procurement of
foreign exchange or evasion of foreign exchange control by whatever means
are prohibited within the territory of the People's Republic of China.

Chapter II Foreign Exchange Control Relating to State Units and Collective Economic Organizations

Article 5
All the foreign exchange incomes and expenditures of State organs, units
of the armed forces, nongovernmental bodies, schools, State enterprises,
institutions and urban and rural collective economic organizations within
China's territory (hereinafter referred to as organizations within
territory) are all subject to planned control. Organizations within
territory are permitted to hold their retained foreign exchange in
accordance with the relevant provisions.
Article 6
Unless approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, organizations within
territory shall not possess foreign exchange; deposit foreign exchange
abroad; offset foreign exchange expenditure against foreign exchange
income; or use the foreign exchange belonging to State organs stationed
abroad or enterprises and institutions established in foreign countries or
in the Hong Kong and Macao regions by the State, by way of borrowing or
acquisition.
Article 7
Unless approved by the State Council, organizations within territory shall
not issue securities with foreign exchange value inside or outside China.
Article 8
With regard to loans to be accepted by organizations within territory from
banks or enterprises in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao
regions, the relevant competent departments under the State Council or the
relevant people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall consolidate and
draw up overall annual plans for such loans which must be submitted to the
SAFEC and the Foreign Investment Control Commission for examination and
transmission to the State Council for approval.
The measures for examining and approving such loans shall be prescribed
separately.
Article 9
Any foreign exchange held by organizations within territory, including
their retained foreign exchange, non-trade foreign exchange and foreign
exchange under compensatory trade received in advance and reserved for
later payments, funds borrowed in convertible foreign currencies and other
foreign exchange held with the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices
must be placed in foreign currency deposit accounts or foreign currency
quota accounts to be opened with the Bank of China, and must be used
within the prescribed scope and be subject to the supervision of the Bank
of China.

Article 10
When organizations within territory import or export goods, the banks
handling the transactions shall check their foreign exchange receipts and
payments either against the import or export licenses duly verified by the
Customs or against the Customs declaration forms for imports or exports.
Article 11
State organs stationed abroad must use foreign exchange according to the
plan approved by the State.
The profits derived from their business operations by enterprises and
institutions established in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and
Macao regions, except for the portion kept there as working funds
according to the plan approved by the State, must be transferred back on
schedule and be sold to the Bank of China.
No organization stationed abroad is permitted to keep foreign exchange for
organizations within territory without authorization.
Article 12
Delegations and working groups sent temporarily to foreign countries or to
the Hong Kong and Macao regions must use foreign exchange according to
their respective specific plans, and must, upon completion of their
missions and return, promptly transfer back to China their surplus foreign
exchange to be checked by and sold to the Bank of China. Foreign exchange
earned in their various business activities by the delegations and working
groups mentioned in the preceding paragraph and by members thereof, must
be promptly transferred back to China and must not be kept abroad without
the approval of the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter III Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Individuals

Article 13
Foreign exchange remitted from foreign countries or from the Hong Kong and
Macao regions to Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing
in China must be sold to the Bank of China, except the portion retained as
permitted by the State.
Article 14
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China shall
be permitted to keep in their own possession foreign exchange already in
China.
The foreign exchange mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall not,
without authorization, be carried or sent out of China either by owners or
by others or by post. If the owners need to sell the foreign exchange,
they must sell it to the Bank of China and are permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 15
When the foreign exchange that has been kept in foreign countries or in
the Hong Kong and Macao regions by Chinese residing in China prior to the
founding of the People's Republic of China, by overseas Chinese prior to
their returning to and settling down in China, or by Hong Kong and Macao
compatriots prior to their returning to and settling down in their native
places, is transferred to China, the owners shall be permitted to retain a
portion of the foreign exchange according to the percentage prescribed by
the State.
Article 16
When the foreign exchange belonging personally to individuals sent to work
or study in foreign countries or in the Hong Kong and Macao regions is
remitted or brought back to China, the owners, upon the completion of
their missions and return, shall be permitted to retain the entire amount
of the foreign exchange.
Article 17
The percentages of foreign exchange retention permitted under Articles 13,
14, and 15 of these Regulations shall be prescribed separately.
Foreign exchange retained by individuals as permitted under Articles 13,
14, 15, and 16 of these Regulations must be deposited with the Bank of
China. These foreign exchange deposits may be sold to the Bank of China or
remitted out of China through the Bank of China, or taken out of China
against certification by the Bank of China. It is however not permitted,
without authorization, to carry or send deposit certificates out of China
either by holders or by others or by post.

Article 18
The foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries
or from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign nationals coming to
China, by overseas Chinese and Hong Kong and Macao compatriots returning
for a short stay, by foreign experts, technicians, staff members and
workers engaged to work in organizations within China, and by foreign
students and trainees, may be kept in their own possession, or sold to or
deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or taken out of China.
Article 19
Chinese, foreign nationals and stateless persons residing in China may
apply to the local branch offices of the SAFEC for the purchase of foreign
exchange to be remitted or taken out of China. Upon approval of such
applications, the required foreign exchange shall be sold to the
applicants by the Bank of China.
When foreign experts, technicians, staff members and workers engaged to
work in organizations within territory are to remit or take out of China
their foreign exchange, the Bank of China shall handle the matter in
accordance with the stipulations as provided in the relevant contracts or
agreements.

Chapter IV Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Foreign Resident Representative Offices in China and Their Personnel

Article 20
Foreign exchange remitted or brought into China from foreign countries or
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions by foreign diplomatic missions,
consular posts, commercial offices, offices of international organizations
and nongovernmental bodies resident office in China, foreign diplomatic
and consular officers as well as other resident staff members of the
aforesaid missions, posts and offices, may be kept in their own
possession, or sold to or deposited with the Bank of China, or remitted or
taken out of China.
Article 21
The conversion into foreign currency, if required, of visa and
certification fees received in Renminbi from Chinese citizens by foreign
diplomatic missions and consular posts in China, is subject to approval by
the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter V Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Enterprises with Overseas Chinese Capital, Foreign-Capital Enterprises, and Chinese- Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Their Personnel

Article 22
All foreign exchange receipts of enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures must be deposited with the Bank of China, and all their foreign
exchange disbursements must be effected from their foreign exchange
deposit accounts.
The enterprises mentioned in the preceding paragraph must periodically
submit their statements of foreign exchange business to the SAFEC or its
branch offices, all of which are empowered to check on the movements of
the foreign exchange receipts and payments of these enterprises.
Article 23
Except where otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices,
Renminbi shall in all cases be used in the settlement of accounts between
enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises,
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures on the one hand and other
enterprises or individuals residing in the People's Republic of China on
the other hand.
Article 24
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
foreign joint venturers in Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures may apply
to the Bank of China for remitting abroad their net profits as well as
other legitimate earnings after taxation according to law, by debiting the
foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises concerned.
Where the enterprises and foreign joint ventures mentioned in the
preceding paragraph are to transfer foreign exchange capital abroad, they
shall apply to the SAFEC or its branch offices for the transfer by
debiting the foreign exchange deposit accounts of the enterprises
concerned.
Article 25
An amount not exceeding 50% of their after-tax legitimate net earnings
from wages, etc. may be remitted or taken out of China in foreign
currency by staff members and workers of foreign nationality and those
from the Hong Kong and Macao regions employed by enterprises with overseas
Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures.
Article 26
Enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures which wind up operations in
accordance with legal procedure, shall be responsible for the liquidation,
within the scheduled period, of their outstanding liabilities and taxes
due in China under the joint supervision of the relevant competent
departments and the SAFEC or its branch offices.

Chapter VI Control Relating to Carrying Foreign Exchange, Precious Metals and Payment Instruments in Foreign Currency into and out of China

Article 27
No restriction as to the amount is imposed on the carrying into China of
foreign exchange, precious metals and objects made from them, but
declaration to the Customs is required at the place of entry.
To carry out of China foreign exchange or the foreign exchange previously
brought in shall be permitted by the Customs against certification by the
Bank of China or against the original declaration form filled out at the
time of entry.
To carry out of China precious metals and objects made from them or the
precious metals and objects made from them previously brought in shall be
permitted by the Customs according to the specific circumstances as
prescribed by State regulations or against the original declaration form
filled out at the time of entry.
Article 28
To bring into China Renminbi traveller's cheques, traveller's letters of
credit and other Renminbi payment instruments convertible into foreign
currency shall be permitted by the Customs against the declaration form
filled out at the Customs; and to take the same out of China shall be
permitted by the Customs against certification by the Bank of China or
against the original declaration form filled out at the time of entry.
Article 29
Unless otherwise approved by the SAFEC or its branch offices, it is not
permitted to carry or send out of China by holders or by others or by post
such certificates and deeds held by Chinese residing in China as bonds,
debentures, share certificates issued abroad; title deeds for real estate
abroad; other documents or deeds involving the disposal of creditor's
right, inheritance, real estate or other foreign exchange assets abroad.
Article 30
The carrying or sending out of China of Renminbi instruments, such as
Renminbi cheques, drafts, passbooks and deposit certificates, held by
Chinese or foreign nationals or stateless persons residing in China, is
not permitted, either by holders or by others or by post.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 31
All units and individuals have the right to report any violation of these
Regulations. Rewards shall be given to such units or individuals
according to the merits of the report. Violators shall be penalized by the
SAFEC, its branch offices or by public security organs, or by
administrative departments of industry and commerce, or by the Customs. In
light of the seriousness of the offence, the penalties may take the form
of compulsory exchange of the foreign currency for Renminbi, or fine or
confiscation of the properties or both, or punishment by judicial organs
according to law.
Article 32
The exchange control measures for special economic zones, for frontier
trade and for personal dealings between inhabitants across the border
shall be formulated, in accordance with these Regulations, by the people's
governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government in the light of actual local
conditions, be submitted to the State Council for approval and be enforced
thereupon.
Article 33
Rules for the implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated by
the SAFEC.
Article 34
These Regulations shall enter into effect on March 1, 1981.



1980年12月18日
浅析民事诉讼证据

刘成江


  民事诉讼中的期间,是指人民法院、当事人或其他诉讼参与人进行诉讼行为的期限和期日。广义的诉讼期间包括期日和期限两种;狭义的诉讼期间仅指期限。有关诉讼期间和期日的规定是民事诉讼法的重要组成部分。它在民事诉讼过程中,对于保障诉讼法律关系主体及时行使诉讼权利、履行诉讼义务,迅速解决纠纷,保护当事人及其他诉讼参与人的合法权益等方面,都具有重要的作用。
  诉讼期间可按不同的标准来划分。以期间是由法律直接规定还是人民法院指定为标准,可分为法定期间或指定期间;法定期间,是指由法律明文规定的诉讼期间。法律将人民法院、当事人及其他诉讼参与人进行某项诉讼行为的时间规定在相关法律条文中,只有在法律规定的期间内完成该行为才具有法律效力。如提出管辖权异议期间;对一审判决、裁定的上诉期间;申请执行的期间;当事人申请再审的期间等等。法律的严肃性决定了法定期间具有不可变更性。任何单位和个人无权延长或缩短法律规定的期限时间。指定期间,是指人民法院根据案件的具体情况,今天职权指定完成某项诉讼行为的期间。指定期间是相对于法定期间而言的,也可以说是法定期间的补充。例如,《民事诉讼法》第220条规定:“执行员接到申请执行书或者移交执行书,应当身体被执行人发出执行通知,责令其在指定的期间履行,逾期不履行的,强制执行。”法条中的被执行人完成义务的期间到底有多久纯由法院依照案件具体情形指定。与法定期间略有不同的是指定期间具有一定程序的可变更性。比如,民事诉讼法规定人民法院可以指定原告在限定的期间内补正起诉状的缺欠;指定原告交纳案件受理费的期限等等,都属于指定期间。倘当事人或其他诉讼参与人遇有特殊情况,不能在指定的期间内完成规定的诉讼行为时,当事人或其他诉讼参与可以申请延长。人民法院根据实际情况,可以作出决定改变原来指定的期间,重新指定诉讼期间。所以,指定期间有可以变动的特点,指定期间可以变更,但必须符合案件的实际情况,既不能任意延长,也不能无故缩短,既要考虑保障当事人行使诉讼权利,又要考虑人民法院指定期间的严肃性。同时,期间为数变更以后,必须将为数变更的理由和变更后的时间,及时书面通知当事人和其他诉讼参与人,以保证诉讼的顺利进行。
  诉讼期间有一个计算方法问题。按照《民事诉讼法》第75条第2款至第4款和《意见》第79条的规定,期间以时、日、月、年计算。期间开始的时和日,不计算在期间内。例如《民事诉讼法》第92条第3款规定:“人民法院接受当事人财产保全申请后,对情况紧急的,必须在48小时内作出裁定;裁定采取财产保全措施的,应当立即开始执行。”按照期间计算方法,人民法院接到当事人申请的这个小时,不应计算在48小时之内,而应从接到申请后的第一个小时计算。期间届满的最后一日是节假日的,以节假日后的第一日为期间届满的日期。例如期间届满的最后一日是元旦节,则元月2日是期间届满日。如果期间届满的最后一日是10月1日,那么10月3日才是期间届满日。因为国家规定在国庆节放假两天。如果期间届满最后一日是星期六的,期间届满日即是星期一。期间不包括在途时间。诉讼文书在期满前交邮的,不算过期。例如,8月8日为上诉期间届满日,当事人或其法定代理人只要在这一天将上诉状交邮寄出的,以邮戳日期为准,不管人民法院几日后收到上诉状,都视为当事人在上诉期间内提起的上诉。
  期间的补救是指当事人、诉讼代理人因故不能在法定或指定的期间内完成应为的诉讼行为时,依法采取的顺延措施。《民事诉讼法》第76条规定:“当事人因不可抗拒的事由或者其他正当理由耽误期间的,在障碍消除后的10日内,可以申请顺延期限,是否准许,由人民法院决定。”所谓不可抗拒的事由,是指当事人、诉讼代理人不可预见、不能避免,以自身的力量和条件不能克服的客观事件。如地震,重大水灾或战争等。所谓“其他正当理由”,系指除不可抗拒事由之外的导致当事人和诉讼代理人不能在期限间内完成诉讼行为的客观事实一理由。如当事人重病;诉讼文书被他人迟误而未及时收到等。
  顺延期限的申请,应在障碍消除后10日内提出,过期不得再申请顺延。顺延期限的长短,因法定期间与指定期间而有所不同。法定期间以实际耽误的期间为准,计算顺延期的长短。如上诉期开始8日后,当事人据地发生地震,交通断绝,经过5日,始消除障碍。当事人在障碍消除后10日内,申请顺延上诉期限,经人民法院审查,认为申请有理,应当准许再顺延7日。至于耽误指定期间,其顺延期限的长短,由人民法院根据具体情况决定。
  期日,是指人民法院与当事人及其他诉讼参与人汇合进行诉讼行为的日期。如决定某月某日为开庭审理某个民事案件的日期,在这一日,人民法院、当事人和其他诉讼参与人都必须到庭进行诉讼活动。根据法院和诉讼参与人在期日中进行的诉讼行为不同,可将期日分为准备程序期日、调查证据期日、调解期日、宣判期日等。期日确定后,如遇特殊情况不能如期进行诉讼活动,法院可依当事人申请或依职权决定变更期日。经法院允许变更期日后,应及时通知参与诉讼的有关人员。
  期日与期间的区别是:第一,期日是人民法院和诉讼参与人汇合在一起为诉讼行为的时间;期间是诉讼参与人或人民法院单独为某种诉讼行为的期限。第二,期日是规定开始的时间,不规定终止的时间,期间既有始期也有终期。第三,期日无法定期日与指定期日之分,而期间有法定期间与指定期间之分。
  期日也可能发生耽误,即当事人及其他诉讼参与人,基期日内没有完成应当完成的诉讼行为。只要理由正当,可身体人民法院说明理由,请求改变期日;理由不正当的,可按民事诉讼法的有关规定分别进行处理。例如原告经传票传唤,无正当理由拒不到庭的,或者未经法庭许可中途退庭的,可以按撤诉处理;被告反诉的,可以缺席判决。对必须到庭的被告经两次传票传唤、无正当理由拒不到庭的,可以拘传。


北安市人民法院 刘成江


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